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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...
The Nucleosome Core Particle02:10

The Nucleosome Core Particle

Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
The paradox
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Examination of Proteins Bound to Nascent DNA in Mammalian Cells Using BrdU-ChIP-Slot-Western Technique
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Histones and genome integrity.

Wes D Williamson1, Ines Pinto

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark Edition)
|December 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histones are crucial for chromosome structure and function throughout the cell cycle. Their proper structure and modifications ensure accurate DNA replication, repair, and segregation, maintaining genome integrity.

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Global Level Quantification of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in a 3D Cell Culture Model of Hepatic Tissue
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Published on: May 5, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Chromosomes undergo dynamic structural changes during the cell cycle.
  • Chromatin's dynamic nature is vital for DNA replication, repair, transcription, and mitosis.
  • Histones are central to these DNA-related cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review studies on the role of histones in the chromosome cycle.
  • To highlight how histone functions impact DNA maintenance, replication, and segregation.
  • To underscore the importance of histones for genome integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating histone involvement in chromosome dynamics.
  • Analysis of research linking histone structure and modifications to chromosome cycle fidelity.
  • Synthesis of findings on the consequences of chromosome cycle disruption.

Main Results:

  • Histones play key roles in regulating chromatin structure for DNA replication and mitotic segregation.
  • Alterations in histone stoichiometry or nucleosome structure impact chromosome transmission.
  • Histone tail modifications are critical for maintaining genome integrity.

Conclusions:

  • Histones are essential regulators of the chromosome cycle.
  • Disruptions in histone function can lead to genomic instability, including aneuploidy and cell death.
  • Understanding histone roles is vital for comprehending genome maintenance and disease.