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Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Genome Copying Errors

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.

Proofreading

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore, it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase Enzyme

Proofreading

Proofreading

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Genome-wide Surveillance of Transcription Errors in Eukaryotic Organisms

Published on: September 13, 2018

Error correction in gene synthesis technology.

Siying Ma¹, Ishtiaq Saaem, Jingdong Tian

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.

Trends in Biotechnology

|January 3, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

High-throughput gene synthesis using DNA microchips is advancing synthetic biology. New methods are emerging to correct errors, making large-scale gene and genome synthesis more accurate and affordable.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

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Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Proofreading and DNA Repair Assay Using Single Nucleotide Extension and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: June 19, 2018

Area of Science:

Synthetic Biology
Biotechnology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Accurate, economical, and high-throughput gene and genome synthesis is critical for advancing synthetic biology and biotechnology.
Recent progress in large-scale gene synthesis utilizes DNA microchip technology.
Current methods are hindered by a high error rate in synthesized DNA, necessitating significant correction efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

To review emerging trends and strategies for error management in de novo gene and genome synthesis.
To highlight novel approaches in chemistry, enzymology, and next-generation sequencing for error correction.
To discuss the future implications of improved error correction for synthetic biology.

Main Methods:

Review of recent literature on gene synthesis technologies.
Analysis of new chemical and enzymatic strategies for DNA synthesis.
Evaluation of next-generation sequencing applications in error detection and correction.

Main Results:

Emerging technologies focus on error filtration, correction, and prevention during gene synthesis.
Novel chemistry and enzymology offer improved accuracy and efficiency.
Next-generation sequencing provides powerful tools for identifying and correcting synthesis errors.

Conclusions:

Continued innovation in error correction is key to overcoming current limitations in gene synthesis.
Advanced error correction technologies will facilitate affordable and large-scale gene and genome synthesis.
These advancements will accelerate progress in synthetic biology and biotechnology.