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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...

Kidney Structure

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.

Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

Preoperative ManagementThe primary goals of preoperative management in kidney transplantation are to optimize the patient’s metabolic state and prepare them for surgery through diet adjustments, necessary dialysis, and tailored medical treatment. This phase also involves comprehensive infection screening and patient education about the surgical procedure and postoperative care to improve outcomes and adherence.Medical ManagementA comprehensive evaluation is required for both the living donor...

Nephrons

Nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma happens...

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: June 21, 2024

Sigmoid kidney associated with double urethra.

R S Naik, Jayant Narang

The Indian Journal of Surgery

|January 3, 2012

Summary

This report details a rare adult case of crossed renal ectopia, also known as a sigmoid kidney. The condition was uniquely complicated by the presence of a double urethra, highlighting its unusual presentation.

Area of Science:

Urology
Congenital Abnormalities
Medical Case Reports

Background:

Crossed renal ectopia is a rare congenital anomaly where one or both kidneys are located on the contralateral side of the abdomen.
Sigmoid kidney describes a specific morphology of crossed ectopia.
Double urethra is an uncommon congenital anomaly of the lower urinary tract.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a rare case of combined crossed renal ectopia and double urethra in an adult.
To discuss the clinical significance and diagnostic challenges of this rare combination.
To contribute to the literature on congenital genitourinary malformations.

Main Methods:

Case presentation of a single adult patient.
Review of relevant medical literature.

Keywords:

Duplication of urethra Intravenous urography Sigmoid kidney Ureteric calculus

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Diagnostic imaging (e.g., CT scan, MRI) and clinical examination findings.

Main Results:

The patient presented with a rare anatomical configuration: a sigmoid kidney (crossed ectopia) alongside a double urethra.
The clinical presentation and diagnostic process for this dual anomaly were documented.
The rarity of this specific combination of congenital anomalies was emphasized.

Conclusions:

The co-occurrence of crossed renal ectopia and double urethra is exceptionally rare.
This case underscores the importance of thorough diagnostic evaluation for complex genitourinary anomalies.
Understanding such rare presentations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management in urology.