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Related Concept Videos

Hiatal Hernia01:25

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction01:22

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

Esophageal perforation is a severe medical condition characterized by a breach in the integrity of the esophageal wall. This breach can occur due to various factors such as trauma, medical procedures, or underlying diseases. When the esophageal wall is compromised, it allows food, fluids, and digestive juices into the chest cavity or adjacent structures, leading to potential complications and health risks.
The location of esophageal perforation can vary, occurring anywhere along the esophagus.
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice
06:31

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice

Published on: February 5, 2021

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Juan A Tovar1

  • 1Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain. jatovar.hulp@salud.madrid.org

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
|January 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is a severe birth defect impacting lung development. Early diagnosis and advanced treatments improve survival, but long-term health issues persist in survivors.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) involves abdominal organs herniating into the chest through a diaphragm defect, causing lung hypoplasia and high mortality.
  • Associated anomalies include cardiovascular, skeletal, neural, and genitourinary defects, and CDH can be part of several genetic syndromes.
  • The incidence of CDH is less than 5 in 10,000 live births, with unknown etiology possibly linked to retinoid-signaling pathway disturbances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.
  • To discuss current diagnostic and management strategies, including prenatal interventions and critical care.
  • To highlight the challenges and outcomes for survivors, emphasizing the need for further research.

Main Methods:

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Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice
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Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

Published on: December 22, 2023

  • Review of clinical, genetic, and experimental evidence regarding CDH etiology and pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic approaches, including antenatal detection.
  • Evaluation of treatment modalities, from prenatal interventions to postnatal critical care and surgical correction.

Main Results:

  • Antenatal diagnosis allows for prenatal management, such as fetoscopic tracheal obstruction, for severe cases.
  • Postnatal treatment involves intensive critical care, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, followed by surgical repair.
  • Survival rates vary, with hospital series reporting up to 80% and population-based studies around 50%.

Conclusions:

  • CDH is a complex condition requiring multidisciplinary management and advanced critical care.
  • Survivors frequently experience chronic respiratory issues, neurodevelopmental problems, hearing loss, and gastroesophageal reflux.
  • Further research is essential to better understand CDH and improve outcomes for affected infants.