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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Clinical Efficacy of Small Needle Knife Therapy on Stage I-II Frozen Shoulder
05:52

Clinical Efficacy of Small Needle Knife Therapy on Stage I-II Frozen Shoulder

Published on: November 17, 2023

Frozen shoulder.

C M Robinson1, K T M Seah, Y H Chee

  • 1Edinburgh Shoulder Clinic, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK. c.mike.robinson@ed.ac.uk

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
|January 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frozen shoulder, or adhesive capsulitis, causes shoulder pain and stiffness. While its pathology is unclear, new interventions like arthroscopic capsular release may shorten recovery time.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedics
  • Rheumatology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is a common orthopaedic condition characterized by shoulder pain and progressive, selective limitation of passive external rotation.
  • The etiology of frozen shoulder remains poorly understood, despite well-defined macroscopic and histological features of capsular contracture.
  • This condition can lead to prolonged disability and significant healthcare resource utilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical and pathological features of frozen shoulder.
  • To outline current treatment options and review published outcomes.
  • To present a treatment algorithm for managing frozen shoulder.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical and pathological features of frozen shoulder.
  • Analysis of current treatment modalities, including physiotherapy, capsular distension arthrography, and arthroscopic capsular release.
  • Synthesis of published results and development of a clinical treatment algorithm.

Main Results:

  • Diagnosis relies on characteristic pain patterns and limited passive external rotation.
  • Pathological processes underlying capsular contracture are not fully elucidated.
  • While conservative physiotherapy is common, more active interventions are gaining popularity for potentially shortening the clinical course.

Conclusions:

  • Frozen shoulder presents diagnostic challenges due to poorly understood pathology.
  • Current treatments are largely symptomatic, but newer interventions offer potential for improved outcomes.
  • A structured treatment algorithm may guide management for this debilitating condition.