Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent01:23

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Case Report: Extrusion of a Sacral Nerve Implant Due to Engaging in Heavy Labor.

Clinical case reports·2026
Same author

Ultrasound-driven mechanophore activation in living plants.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

The MdERF17-MdbHLH149 Module Mediates Ethylene-Induced Starch Degradation Through the Transcriptional Repression of α-Amylase MdAMY1 in Apple.

Plant biotechnology journal·2026
Same author

Decoding Immune Influence: A Mendelian Randomisation Study on Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

European cardiology·2025
Same author

Pharmacological management of major complications following left ventricular assist device implantation in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

World journal of diabetes·2025
Same author

Supramolecular chirality largely modulates chemical doping of conjugated polymers.

Nature communications·2025
Same journal

Crystal structure of 1-(piperidin-1-yl)butane-1,3-dione.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of methyl 1-methyl-3,5-diphenyl-7-tosyl-3,6,7,11b-tetra-hydro-pyrazolo-[4',3':5,6]pyrano[3,4-c]quinoline-5a(5H)-carboxyl-ate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of 4-amino-1-(4-methyl-benz-yl)pyridinium bromide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of (Z)-3-benz-yloxy-6-[(2-hy-droxy-anilino)methyl-idene]cyclo-hexa-2,4-dien-1-one.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of bis-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole) perchloric acid monosolvate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
Same journal

Crystal structure of 2-(di-phenyl-phos-phanyl)phenyl 4-(hy-droxy-meth-yl)benzoate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2015
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-trinitro-phen-yl)ethane.

Wen-Yan Wang1, Ying Diao, Zhi-Hua Wei

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, North University of China, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|January 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of C(14)H(8)N(6)O(12), revealing its centrosymmetric nature. The research highlights the disorder in nitro groups and the presence of weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding within the crystal lattice.

More Related Videos

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species
08:12

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

Published on: August 16, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species
08:12

A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

Published on: August 16, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Understanding the precise arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Molecular symmetry and intermolecular interactions significantly influence crystal packing and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(14)H(8)N(6)O(12).
  • To investigate the molecular symmetry and identify intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the three-dimensional atomic arrangement.
  • Crystallographic data were collected and refined to establish bond lengths, angles, and symmetry elements.

Main Results:

  • The title compound C(14)H(8)N(6)O(12) exhibits centrosymmetric crystal structure with an inversion center at the midpoint of a central C-C bond.
  • Two of the three independent nitro groups display positional disorder, with site occupancies of approximately 0.51:0.49.
  • Weak intermolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified as a stabilizing feature in the crystal structure.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure of C(14)H(8)N(6)O(12) is fully characterized, confirming its centrosymmetric nature.
  • The observed nitro group disorder provides insights into the flexibility and packing arrangements within the crystal.
  • The presence of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding suggests specific intermolecular interactions that contribute to the overall crystal stability.