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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Micromanipulation of Gene Expression in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Using Cerebroventricular Microinjection of Morpholino Oligonucleotides
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Micromanipulation of Gene Expression in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Using Cerebroventricular Microinjection of Morpholino Oligonucleotides

Published on: May 23, 2013

Morpholino injection in Xenopus.

Panna Tandon1, Chris Showell, Kathleen Christine

  • 1Department of Genetics, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides offer an efficient method for gene knockdown in developmental biology research. This chapter details MO microinjection techniques in Xenopus embryos to study gene function by inhibiting protein production or splicing.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Antisense technology, particularly morpholino (MO) oligonucleotides, has advanced gene function studies since the early 2000s.
  • Xenopus frogs are a key model organism in vertebrate embryology due to rapid, synchronous development and ease of culture.
  • MOs allow efficient reduction of target protein levels in various model systems, saving time and resources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail methods for microinjecting MO oligonucleotides into early Xenopus embryos (X. laevis and X. tropicalis).
  • To explain how MOs can abrogate gene function by inhibiting splicing or translation.
  • To provide guidance on control experiments for verifying MO efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Microinjection of MO oligonucleotides into early Xenopus embryos.
  • Application of MOs to target pre-mRNA splicing or translation.
  • Implementation of control experiments to validate MO effectiveness.

Main Results:

  • MOs effectively reduce target protein levels, enabling gene function studies.
  • Successful application of MOs in both X. laevis and X. tropicalis.
  • Established protocols for MO microinjection and efficacy verification.

Conclusions:

  • MO technology is a powerful and accessible tool for gene function analysis in Xenopus development.
  • Detailed methods and controls ensure reliable gene knockdown studies.
  • This approach facilitates understanding of gene roles in vertebrate embryogenesis.