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Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
In 1825, Faraday isolated benzene...

Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Flavonoid Content During the Growth and Floral Development of Calendula officinalis L.

Flavonoid Content During the Growth and Floral Development of Calendula officinalis L.

Published on: June 27, 2025

Flavonoid composition of Juniperus oblonga Bieb.

D I Pisarev¹, O O Novikov, M Yu Novikova

¹Belgorod State University, Russia.

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine

|January 12, 2012

Summary

Juniper berries from the Caucasus Mountains contain diuretic flavonoids. Researchers identified five specific flavonoid compounds, with a total concentration of 0.910% rutin equivalent.

Area of Science:

Phytochemistry
Pharmacognosy
Ethnobotany

Background:

Juniperus oblonga Bieb. is prevalent in the Caucasus Mountains, known for traditional medicinal uses.
The diuretic properties of juniper berries are attributed to volatile oils and polyphenol compounds, especially flavonoids.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and quantify the flavonoid content in Juniperus oblonga Bieb. berries.
To characterize specific flavonoid compounds present in the plant extract.

Main Methods:

Extraction of flavonoids using 70% ethanol and ethyl acetate.
Column chromatography on polyamide for compound isolation.
Identification using physicochemical properties, hydrolysis products, and UV-spectroscopy.

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Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Published on: August 14, 2019

High-resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Studying Chemical Constituents of Gynura bicolor DC

High-resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Studying Chemical Constituents of Gynura bicolor DC

Published on: February 2, 2024

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Flavonoid Content During the Growth and Floral Development of Calendula officinalis L.

Flavonoid Content During the Growth and Floral Development of Calendula officinalis L.

Published on: June 27, 2025

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Published on: August 14, 2019

High-resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Studying Chemical Constituents of Gynura bicolor DC

High-resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Studying Chemical Constituents of Gynura bicolor DC

Published on: February 2, 2024

Main Results:

Five flavonoid compounds were isolated and identified: apigenin, isoquercitrin, apigenin-7-glucoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, and scutellarin-7-glucoside.
The total flavonoid content was quantified at 0.910±0.007% (as rutin equivalent) using UV-spectrophotometry.

Conclusions:

Juniperus oblonga Bieb. berries are a rich source of diverse flavonoids.
The identified flavonoids contribute to the diuretic properties of Juniperus oblonga Bieb.