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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity
11:34

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Functional electrical stimulation for chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis.

Neil A Smart1, Gudrun Dieberg, Francesco Giallauria

  • 1School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia. Nsmart2@une.edu.au

International Journal of Cardiology
|January 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) offers benefits for heart failure patients unable to exercise actively. While conventional exercise is preferred for those able to participate, FES improves cardio-respiratory fitness, especially with longer treatment durations.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

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11:34

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Published on: January 10, 2013

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Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
12:45

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Published on: December 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) management often includes exercise, but patient capacity varies.
  • Conventional exercise training and functional electrical stimulation (FES) are explored for HF patients.
  • A meta-analysis was conducted to compare FES with conventional exercise and placebo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of functional electrical stimulation (FES) against conventional exercise and placebo in heart failure patients.
  • To evaluate improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search of Medline, Embase.com, Cochrane Central Register, and CINAHL databases.
  • Inclusion of randomized controlled trials comparing FES with exercise training or placebo.
  • Analysis of peak VO2, six-minute walk distance, and quality of life scores.

Main Results:

  • FES showed inferior improvements in peak VO2 compared to cycle training but superior improvements compared to sedentary care or sham FES.
  • FES significantly improved six-minute walk distance and quality of life scores compared to placebo or sham treatment.
  • Total FES intervention hours positively correlated with improvements in peak VO2.

Conclusions:

  • Both active exercise and FES are beneficial for heart failure patients.
  • Active exercise is preferred for patients capable of performing it.
  • FES is a suitable alternative for patients unable to exercise actively, with benefits potentially linked to treatment duration.