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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
The recycling endosome is not a single organelle but an extensively tubulated network of recycling pathways. It functions in storing molecules or transporting them across...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

Conventional dendritic cells require IRAP-Rab14 endosomes for efficient cross-presentation.

Mirjana Weimershaus1, Sophia Maschalidi, Fernando Sepulveda

  • 1INSERM, Unité 1013, Paris 75015, France.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|January 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Insulin-responsive aminopeptidase (IRAP) is crucial for dendritic cell (DC) cross-presentation in steady-state conditions, not just during inflammation. IRAP deficiency impairs antigen presentation by conventional DCs, particularly the CD8+ subset.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Dendritic cells (DCs) present exogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells via cross-presentation.
  • Insulin-responsive aminopeptidase (IRAP) trims peptides during cross-presentation, localized in endosomal compartments.
  • Previous studies suggested IRAP's role was limited to inflammatory DCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of IRAP in steady-state DC subpopulations.
  • To determine if IRAP is essential for cross-presentation in non-inflammatory conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Quantification of IRAP expression in steady-state conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs.
  • Colocalization studies of IRAP with endosomal markers (Rab14, syntaxin 6).
  • Assessment of IRAP recruitment to phagosomes.
  • Analysis of cross-presentation of soluble and particulate antigens in IRAP-deficient DCs.

Main Results:

  • Steady-state cDCs and plasmacytoid DCs express similar IRAP levels.
  • IRAP colocalizes with Rab14 and syntaxin 6 in cDCs, more prominently in CD8+ cDCs.
  • IRAP recruitment to phagosomes is stronger in CD8+ DCs.
  • IRAP deficiency impairs cross-presentation in both CD8+ and CD8- cDCs, with a greater effect in CD8+ DCs.

Conclusions:

  • The requirement for IRAP in cross-presentation extends to steady-state conventional DCs.
  • Enhanced IRAP and Rab14 recruitment to antigen vesicles contributes to superior cross-presentation by CD8+ DCs.