Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

UFD1 facilitates GAstV-II replication in GEF cells via suppressing type I interferon production.

Microbial pathogenesis·2026
Same author

Correction: Cerebrovascular phenotype analysis in <i>Gucy1a3</i> loss-of-function mice: insights into moyamoya disease susceptibility.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same author

Atypical Tetracyclines Promote Longevity and Ferroptotic Neuroprotection via Translation Attenuation.

Aging cell·2026
Same author

A highly efficient fluorescence-based virus neutralizing test for fowl adenoviruses associated with hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome and inclusion body hepatitis.

Poultry science·2026
Same author

Residue 188 of the Hexon protein governs FAdV-4 pathogenicity by activating PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.

Veterinary research·2026
Same author

Engineering Supramolecular Metal-Organic Frameworks for Stable and Efficient Perovskite Quantum Dots by Defect Passivation and Heterostructure Construction.

ACS nano·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors
07:51

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors

Published on: November 14, 2014

GABA expression and regulation by sensory experience in the developing visual system.

Loïs S Miraucourt1, Jorge Santos da Silva, Kasandra Burgos

  • 1Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Plos One
|January 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) distribution in the developing Xenopus tadpole brain changes during visual circuit maturation. Enhanced visual experience increases GABA levels in the optic tectum, showing neuronal adaptability.

More Related Videos

Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period
07:13

Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period

Published on: March 1, 2024

Methods for the Discovery of Novel Compounds Modulating a Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type A Neurotransmission
07:16

Methods for the Discovery of Novel Compounds Modulating a Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type A Neurotransmission

Published on: August 16, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors
07:51

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors

Published on: November 14, 2014

Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period
07:13

Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period

Published on: March 1, 2024

Methods for the Discovery of Novel Compounds Modulating a Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type A Neurotransmission
07:16

Methods for the Discovery of Novel Compounds Modulating a Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type A Neurotransmission

Published on: August 16, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroanatomy

Background:

  • The Xenopus laevis tadpole retinotectal system is a key model for studying experience-dependent circuit development.
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is crucial for sensory circuit formation, but its distribution during development is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively map the neuroanatomical distribution of GABAergic neurons in the developing Xenopus laevis tadpole brain.
  • To investigate the impact of visual experience on GABAergic system development and function.

Main Methods:

  • GABA immunoreactivity was analyzed in Xenopus laevis tadpole brains at developmental stages 40/42 and 47.
  • ELISA measurements and quantitative immunohistochemistry were used to assess GABA concentration in the optic tectum.
  • Tadpoles underwent a period of enhanced visual stimulation to evaluate sensory experience effects.

Main Results:

  • GABAergic neurons showed a developmental redistribution from clustered somata to a sparser, more uniform pattern.
  • GABA levels in the optic tectum significantly increased after enhanced visual stimulation in stage 47 tadpoles.
  • These findings highlight the dynamic nature of GABAergic systems during circuit maturation.

Conclusions:

  • GABAergic neuron distribution is adaptable during Xenopus retinotectal system development.
  • Recent sensory experience modulates GABA levels, indicating a responsive developmental process.
  • The study provides insights into the role of GABA in experience-dependent visual circuit refinement.