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Sampling Plans

Sampling Plans

Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
Random sampling is a method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. It involves selecting individuals randomly, often using random number generators or lottery-type methods. For example, when analyzing the properties of a...

Stratified Sampling Method

Stratified Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Assessing the Particulate Matter Removal Abilities of Tree Leaves

Published on: October 7, 2018

Pollutant plume delineation from tree core sampling using standardized ranks.

Agung Wahyudi¹, Patrick Bogaert, Stefan Trapp

¹Earth and Life Institute, Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. agung.wahyudi@uclouvain.be

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)

|January 17, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Tree core sampling offers a quick, inexpensive method for assessing chloroethene (CE) contamination, despite challenges in correlating tree core data directly with groundwater measurements. Further analysis revealed hidden spatial structures.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Geochemistry
Ecotoxicology

Background:

Conflicting literature exists regarding chloroethene (CE) concentration correlations between tree core and groundwater sampling.
Tree core sampling is a potentially valuable tool for environmental monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the correlation between chloroethene (CE) concentrations in tree cores and groundwater.
To evaluate the effectiveness of tree core sampling as a method for assessing CE contamination.

Main Methods:

Analysis of groundwater and tree core datasets from a CE-contaminated site in the Czech Republic.
Statistical analysis including distribution analysis, spatial analysis (variograms), rank transformation, and cross-covariance functions.

Main Results:

Tree core data exhibited skewed distributions with high intra-tree variability (>80%).
Initial spatial analyses showed no clear pattern, but rank transformation revealed hidden spatial structures when variables were analyzed separately.
Bivariate analyses using cross-covariance functions did not establish a clear spatial correlation between groundwater and tree core CE concentrations.

Conclusions:

Tree core sampling is a rapid, cost-effective semi-quantitative method for assessing chloroethene contamination.
While direct correlation with groundwater data remains challenging, tree core analysis provides valuable insights into contamination patterns.