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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates these...
Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure01:26

Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

Preoperative ManagementThe primary goals of preoperative management in kidney transplantation are to optimize the patient’s metabolic state and prepare them for surgery through diet adjustments, necessary dialysis, and tailored medical treatment. This phase also involves comprehensive infection screening and patient education about the surgical procedure and postoperative care to improve outcomes and adherence.Medical ManagementA comprehensive evaluation is required for both the living donor...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure
11:53

Cecal Ligation Puncture Procedure

Published on: May 7, 2011

Ketamine-snorting associated cystitis.

Chung-Hsien Chen1, Ming-Huei Lee, Yi-Chang Chen

  • 1Department of Urology, Taichung Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi
|January 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recreational ketamine abuse can cause severe bladder dysfunction, including ulcerative cystitis. Cessation of ketamine use and supportive treatments can improve symptoms, but outcomes vary with disease severity.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Ketamine hydrochloride, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is used as an anesthetic and increasingly abused recreationally.
  • Recreational ketamine use has been linked to bladder dysfunction, specifically ketamine-associated ulcerative cystitis.
  • Previous reports highlight cases of severe bladder issues in recreational ketamine users.

Observation:

  • Four patients abusing ketamine presented with dysuria, lower urinary tract symptoms, and reduced bladder capacity.
  • Cystoscopy revealed bladder ulceration and hemorrhage; biopsies confirmed chronic cystitis.

Findings:

  • Ketamine abuse is associated with severe ulcerative cystitis, characterized by pain, pyuria, microhematuria, and impaired bladder function.
  • Treatment involves ketamine cessation and mucosal protective agents, with outcomes dependent on disease severity.

Implications:

  • This highlights the significant urological risks of recreational ketamine abuse.
  • Early diagnosis and intervention, including cessation of use, are vital for managing ketamine-induced cystitis.