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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles01:12

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

The connective tissues play a significant role in arranging the muscle fibers into a hierarchical structure that forms a complete muscle. Consider a muscle like the bicep brachii, commonly called the bicep. This muscle comprises thousands of muscle fibers enclosed by a protective layer of connective tissue called the endomysium. The endomysium is primarily composed of reticular fibers, a type of thin collagen fiber. It allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products at the fiber level,...
Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

Axial and Appendicular Muscles

Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
Axial Muscles
Axial muscles, situated along the body's midline, are intricately connected to the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles facilitate facial expressions and play a...

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The peroneus quartus muscle: clinical correlation with evolutionary importance.

Sunita Arvind Athavale1, Vanita Gupta, Sheetal Kotgirwar

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Peoples College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. arvindat@rediffmail.com

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Summary

The peroneus quartus muscle was found in 21% of cadaver dissections, often inserting on the calcaneus. This accessory muscle may contribute to lateral ankle pain and peroneal tendon issues.

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Orthopedics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • The peroneus quartus (PQ) is an accessory muscle in the lateral leg compartment.
  • It is frequently associated with lateral ankle pain and peroneal tendon pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence and morphological characteristics of the peroneus quartus muscle.
  • To correlate anatomical findings with potential clinical implications in the lateral ankle region.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection of 92 embalmed human lower limbs.
  • Observation and documentation of the origin, insertion, and prevalence of the peroneus quartus muscle.

Main Results:

  • The peroneus quartus muscle was identified in 21% of the dissected limbs.
  • Origin typically involved the fibula, peroneus brevis, and intermuscular septum.
  • Insertion was predominantly on the calcaneus's retrotrochlear eminence.

Conclusions:

  • The peroneus quartus muscle occurs with significant prevalence, suggesting a potential role in lateral ankle pathology.
  • Its frequent occurrence may indicate an evolutionary adaptation related to foot eversion and bipedal gait.