Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 25, 2026
07:46
Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
Published on: November 15, 2013
The future of the Large Hadron Collider and CERN
1CERN, Geneva, Switzerland. rolf.heuer@cern.ch
Summary
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is advancing particle physics with current programs and future collider options. Future plans include upgrades and new colliders like linear electron-positron or electron-proton machines.
Area of Science:
- High-energy particle physics.
- Collider technology and development.
Background:
- The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is currently operational.
- Future colliders are being considered to extend the energy frontier.
Purpose of the Study:
- To present the LHC's current scientific program.
- To outline future high-energy collider options.
- To discuss the value of past, present, and future directions in particle physics.
Main Methods:
- Review of the LHC's design luminosity and energy exploitation.
- Discussion of potential upgrades to the LHC and its injectors.
- Exploration of future collider concepts such as linear electron-positron colliders and electron-proton colliders.
Main Results:
- The LHC's immediate future involves operation at design parameters and upgrades.
- Potential next steps include a Compact Linear Collider, International Linear Collider, or a high-energy electron-proton collider.
Conclusions:
- All discussed collider paths offer unique contributions to experimental particle physics.
- Key messages for future directions in the field are outlined.
Related Concept Videos
03:20Nuclear Transmutation
Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
02:45Nuclear Fusion
The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
01:21Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon
No object with a finite mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This fact has an interesting consequence in the domain of extremely high gravitational fields.
The minimum speed required to launch a projectile from the surface of an object to which it is gravitationally bound so that it eventually escapes the object’s gravitational field is called the escape velocity. The escape velocity is independent of the mass of the object. Merging the idea of escape velocity with the...
The minimum speed required to launch a projectile from the surface of an object to which it is gravitationally bound so that it eventually escapes the object’s gravitational field is called the escape velocity. The escape velocity is independent of the mass of the object. Merging the idea of escape velocity with the...
03:37Subatomic Particles
Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
01:10Detection of Black Holes
Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
Their closest cousins are neutron stars, which are composed almost entirely of neutrons packed against each other, making them extremely dense. A neutron star has the same mass as the Sun but its diameter is only a few kilometers. Therefore, the escape velocity from their surface is close to the speed of light.
Not until the 1960s, when the first neutron...
Their closest cousins are neutron stars, which are composed almost entirely of neutrons packed against each other, making them extremely dense. A neutron star has the same mass as the Sun but its diameter is only a few kilometers. Therefore, the escape velocity from their surface is close to the speed of light.
Not until the 1960s, when the first neutron...
03:18Nuclear Stability
Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
To hold positively charged protons together in the...