Haemodynamic modeling of the cardiovascular system using mock circulation loops to test cardiovascular devices

Comprehensive testing and evaluation of cardiovascular device function and performance is required prior to clinical implementation. Initial proof of concept investigations are conducted within in-vitro mock circulation loops, before proof of principle is demonstrated via in-vivo animal testing. To facilitate the rapid transition of cardiovascular devices through this development period, a testing apparatus was developed that closely models the natural human cardiovascular system haemodynamics. This mock circulation system accurately replicates cardiac function, coupled to systemic and pulmonary circulations. The physiological response produced by a number of clinical cardiovascular conditions can be actively controlled by variable parameters such as vascular resistance, arterial/venous compliance, ventricle contractility, heart rate, and heart /vascular volumes, while anatomical variations such as valve regurgitation and septal defects can be included. Auto-regulation of these parameters was attempted to reproduce the Frank-Starling mechanism, baroreceptor reflex, skeletal muscle pump, and postural changes. Steady state validation of loop performance was achieved by replicating the progression of a patient's clinical haemodynamics from heart failure, through VAD support, to heart transplantation. The system has been used to evaluate pulsatile and non-pulsatile ventricular assist devices, counter pulsation devices, non-invasive cardiac output monitors and cardiovascular stents. The interaction of these devices with the cardiovascular system was also investigated with regards to physiological control strategies and cannula placement. The system is a valuable tool for the accelerated progression of cardiovascular device development.