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Related Concept Videos

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyl(tropone)iron
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[Polymorphism of the 5R-5-hydroxytriptolide].

Rui-li Liu1, Ya-xi Yang, Dong-ying Chen

  • 1Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.

Yao Xue Xue Bao = Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica
|January 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study characterized the solid-state polymorph of 5R-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8), a rheumatoid arthritis drug candidate. Consistent characterization across methods confirmed its stability, ensuring therapeutic efficacy during clinical trials.

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Published on: January 21, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Context:

  • 5R-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8) is an investigational drug for rheumatoid arthritis undergoing clinical trials.
  • Understanding the solid-state properties, specifically polymorphism, is crucial for drug development and ensuring consistent efficacy.

Purpose:

  • To perform polymorph screening of 5R-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8).
  • To characterize the identified polymorph using various analytical techniques.
  • To confirm the stability of the LLDT-8 solid form.

Summary:

  • LLDT-8 was crystallized using evaporative and antisolvent methods. Characterization via p-XRD, IR, DSC, and TG revealed consistent results, indicating a stable solid form.
  • Key p-XRD peaks were observed at specific 2θ values, and IR spectra showed characteristic absorption bands. DSC and TG determined a decomposition temperature of 271.2°C.
  • Single crystal X-ray diffraction identified LLDT-8 as a monoclinic crystal (space group P2(1)) forming a hydrogen-bonded dimer. Slurry experiments further confirmed solid-state stability across different solvent polarities.

Impact:

  • The consistent characterization and confirmed stability of the LLDT-8 polymorph provide a solid foundation for its continued clinical development.
  • This research assures the consistency of LLDT-8's efficacy in clinical trials by establishing its reliable solid-state form.
  • The findings contribute to the understanding of triptolide derivatives' solid-state behavior, aiding future drug design and formulation.