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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
07:46

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000

Published on: October 15, 2010

Endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.

A Natali1, E Ferrannini

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56100 Pisa, Italy. anatali@ifc.cnr.it

Diabetologia
|January 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis by reducing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, impairing vascular function. This early endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in diabetic cardiovascular complications.

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Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
07:46

Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000

Published on: October 15, 2010

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Endocrinology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Accelerated atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes is a significant clinical concern.
  • Endothelial dysfunction, specifically reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, is an early event in atherosclerosis.
  • Direct in vivo measurement of NO bioavailability has been a challenge in clinical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reappraise a seminal 1992 paper by McVeigh and co-workers.
  • To highlight the first documentation of reduced NO bioavailability in type 2 diabetic patients.
  • To emphasize the study's comprehensive evaluation of vascular functions and patient characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel and complex experimental setup for in vivo assessment.
  • Conducted a thorough clinical characterization of enrolled type 2 diabetic patients.
  • Evaluated multiple vascular functions to assess endothelial health.

Main Results:

  • Provided the first direct evidence of reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in type 2 diabetes.
  • Demonstrated a link between endothelial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes.
  • Subsequent studies replicated the major findings, confirming the results.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced NO bioavailability is a critical feature of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.
  • This finding has significant implications for understanding and potentially treating diabetic atherosclerosis.
  • The original study laid crucial groundwork for subsequent research in the field.