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Related Concept Videos

From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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The Central Dogma01:20

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The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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Exon Recombination02:32

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Reprogramming the genetic code: from triplet to quadruplet codes.

Kaihang Wang1, Wolfgang H Schmied, Jason W Chin

  • 1Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0QH UK.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists engineered a novel cellular translation system to incorporate unnatural amino acids using quadruplet codons. This breakthrough enables genetic programming of protein properties and expands possibilities for synthetic biology.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The genetic code is predominantly triplet, making modifications to read non-standard codons difficult due to lethal mutations.
  • Incorporating unnatural amino acids (UAAs) into proteins offers a route to expand biological capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of an orthogonal translation system for reading quadruplet codons.
  • To demonstrate the efficient incorporation of UAAs using this system.
  • To explore the potential of genetically programming emergent properties into proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering an orthogonal ribosome to recognize quadruplet codons.
  • Developing methods for efficient UAA incorporation in response to these codons.
  • Utilizing the system to create recombinant proteins with programmed functions.

Main Results:

  • Successful creation of an orthogonal translation system that reads quadruplet codons.
  • Demonstrated efficient incorporation of multiple distinct UAAs into proteins.
  • Showcased the ability to genetically program emergent properties into recombinant proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system overcomes challenges in modifying the genetic code.
  • This approach facilitates the combinatorial biosynthesis of novel materials and therapeutics.
  • It opens avenues for exploring life with expanded genetic polymers and functions beyond natural systems.