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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Comparative hepatitis A seroepidemiology in 10 European countries.

S Kurkela1, R Pebody, G Kafatos

  • 1Health Protection Agency, Health Protection Services, Colindale, London, UK.

Epidemiology and Infection
|January 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Most of Europe shows low hepatitis A virus (HAV) transmission, with Romania having intermediate levels. Susceptibility to HAV is higher in younger individuals across all studied European countries.

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Area of Science:

  • * Epidemiology
  • * Public Health
  • * Immunology

Background:

  • * The World Health Organization (WHO) advises hepatitis A virus (HAV) immunization based on transmission levels and disease burden.
  • * Understanding age-specific susceptibility is crucial for effective HAV vaccination policies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To identify age groups susceptible to HAV infection across multiple European countries.
  • * To inform and guide national HAV vaccination strategies.

Main Methods:

  • * Standardized serosurveys were conducted using national serum banks from 1996–2004.
  • * Anti-HAV antibodies were tested in samples from Belgium, Czech Republic, England, Finland, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Romania, and Slovakia.
  • * Laboratory results were standardized to ensure comparability across countries.

Main Results:

  • * Romania showed lower susceptibility in those <30 years (41%) and ≥30 years (6%) compared to other countries (70-94% and 26-71%, respectively).
  • * Romania reported high HAV incidence in children and young adults, indicating intermediate transmission.
  • * Other participating countries primarily observed HAV disease in older, at-risk populations, suggesting low transmission levels.

Conclusions:

  • * Most of Europe exhibits low hepatitis A virus transmission.
  • * Romania represents an area with intermediate HAV transmission.
  • * Continued vaccination of at-risk groups is recommended, particularly in countries with high susceptibility among young and middle-aged adults.