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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

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A passive exoskeleton with artificial tendons: design and experimental evaluation.

Wietse van Dijk1, Herman van der Kooij, Edsko Hekman

  • 1Biomechanical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. w.vandijk@tudelft.nl

IEEE ... International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics : [Proceedings]
|January 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study explored passive exoskeletons with artificial tendons to reduce joint work during walking. Results showed minimal energy savings, indicating limited effectiveness for this design.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Robotics
  • Human Augmentation

Background:

  • Passive exoskeletons aim to reduce metabolic cost and joint work during locomotion.
  • Artificial tendons offer a promising mechanism for energy storage and redistribution in leg joints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a passive exoskeleton with artificial tendons designed to minimize joint work during walking.
  • To assess the impact of artificial tendons on energy expenditure and muscle activation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a passive exoskeleton incorporating artificial tendons parallel to leg joints.
  • Optimization of elastic characteristics of artificial tendons to minimize joint mechanical work.
  • Experimental evaluation with nine subjects measuring energy expenditure and muscle activation during normal walking and with the exoskeleton (with and without artificial tendons).

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

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Main Results:

  • Simulations predicted a maximal reduction of 40% in joint work.
  • Experimental results indicated that normal walking was the most energy-efficient condition.
  • Walking with the passive exoskeleton and artificial tendons yielded only a negligibly small decrease in energy expenditure compared to walking without them.

Conclusions:

  • The developed passive exoskeleton with artificial tendons did not significantly reduce energy expenditure during walking.
  • Further research is needed to optimize artificial tendon design and integration for effective human augmentation.
  • Current passive designs may not provide substantial metabolic benefits for walking augmentation.