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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles
07:47

Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles

Published on: November 27, 2015

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides.

Michael Naguib1, Olha Mashtalir, Joshua Carle

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.

ACS Nano
|January 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized novel two-dimensional transition metal carbides and carbonitrides, termed MXenes, by treating MAX phase powders with hydrofluoric acid. These new MXenes exhibit electrical properties similar to graphene and show hydrophilic behavior.

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Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles
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Fabrication of Ti3C2 MXene Microelectrode Arrays for In Vivo Neural Recording

Published on: February 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • MAX phases are a large family (>60 members) of ternary, layered transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides.
  • These materials are known for their machinability and unique layered structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the synthesis of two-dimensional (2-D) transition metal carbides and carbonitrides.
  • To introduce a new class of 2-D materials labeled MXenes.
  • To characterize the properties of these novel MXenes.

Main Methods:

  • Immersion of select MAX phase powders (Ti2AlC, Ta4AlC3, (Ti0.5,Nb0.5)2AlC, (V0.5,Cr0.5)3AlC2, and Ti3AlCN) in hydrofluoric acid (HF).
  • Exfoliation achieved through room-temperature immersion in varying HF concentrations for 10-72 hours, followed by sonication.
  • Characterization of the resulting 2-D layers (MXenes).

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of 2-D transition metal carbides and carbonitrides (MXenes) from various MAX phases.
  • The removal of the 'A' group layer from MAX phases yields these 2-D MXene structures.
  • Sheet resistances of the synthesized MXenes were found to be comparable to multilayer graphene.
  • Pressed MXene surfaces exhibited hydrophilic behavior based on contact angle measurements with water.

Conclusions:

  • A straightforward method for synthesizing 2-D MXenes from MAX phases using HF has been established.
  • The resulting MXenes possess promising electrical properties, comparable to graphene.
  • The hydrophilic nature of MXene surfaces suggests potential applications in various fields.