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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan01:30

Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan

Description
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ventilation Perfusion Scans are two radiological investigations that offer detailed diagnostic images of the body, particularly lung structures.
MRI
MRI uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency signals to distinguish between normal and abnormal tissues. This technology provides a more detailed diagnostic image than CT scans, enabling it to characterize pulmonary nodules, stage bronchogenic carcinoma, and evaluate inflammatory activity in...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla
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Four-dimensional phase contrast MRI with accelerated dual velocity encoding.

Elizabeth J Nett1, Kevin M Johnson, Alex Frydrychowicz

  • 1Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2275, USA. janus@wisc.edu

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI
|January 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Accelerated dual V(enc) four-dimensional phase contrast MR imaging (4D PC-MRI) shows promise for faster scans with improved velocity measurements. This technique is suitable for various vascular applications, including congenital heart disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • Four-dimensional phase contrast MR imaging (4D PC-MRI) is crucial for assessing blood flow dynamics.
  • Current 4D PC-MRI techniques can be limited by scan time and velocity sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate a novel, accelerated 4D PC-MRI approach using dual velocity encoding (dV(enc)).
  • To assess the potential for scan time reduction and improved velocity-to-noise ratio (VNR).
  • To evaluate the extended velocity sensitivity range of the novel technique.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition of 4D PC-MRI data using a radially undersampled trajectory (PC-VIPR).
  • Implementation of a dual V(enc) (dV(enc)) processing algorithm.
  • Comparison of flow and velocity measurements against a flow pump, 2D PC-MRI, and single V(enc) 4D PC-MRI in volunteers.

Main Results:

  • Phantom studies demonstrated excellent agreement (R(2) ≥ 0.97) between accelerated dV(enc) 4D PC-MRI and pump flow rates.
  • A three-fold increase in VNR was observed with only a 5% increase in scan time in phantoms.
  • In vivo, combining data from different V(enc) values provided the VNR of a lower velocity acquisition with a wider velocity range, at the cost of a 25% longer scan.

Conclusions:

  • Accelerated dV(enc) 4D PC-MRI was successfully demonstrated in both phantom and volunteer studies.
  • The technique is well-suited for vascular regions with diverse flow velocities, such as in congenital heart disease and hepatic vasculature.