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Updated: May 25, 2026

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice
Published on: January 16, 2015
The structures and evolution of Smoker in an ultrasonic field
Lixin Bai1, Chongfu Ying, Chao Li
1Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China. lixin.bai@gmail.com
Abstract:
The structures and evolution of Smoker in a 20 kHz ultrasonic field were investigated experimentally with high-speed photography. The spine-plume structure of Smoker was discovered. A few large bubbles align themselves along the central line and form the spine of Smoker. Numerous small bubbles move towards the spine and form the plume structures. The size of large bubbles differs almost by an order of magnitude from that of small bubbles. The evolution of cavitation structure from Flare to Smoker was found. When a Flare appears near a Smoker, the Flare may merge into the plume structures of the Smoker, or form a double-tipped Smoker. A double-tipped Smoker seldom splits into two Smokers, while two separate Smokers tend to merge as one. The large bubbles (or dense plume structures) in the middle part of the two separate Smokers attract each other, driving the two Smokers to bend towards each other and merge.
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