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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Stress Granule Formation After Bacterial Challenge of Mammalian Cells

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Form and function in religious signaling under pathogen stress.

Paul Swartwout¹, Benjamin Grant Purzycki, Richard Sosis

¹Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-2176, USA. paul.swartwout@uconn.edu

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences

|February 1, 2012

Summary

Religious traditions may evolve due to pathogen stress, promoting out-group avoidance. However, some rituals increase infection risk, and proselytizing/economic exchange necessitate out-group interactions, complicating this evolutionary explanation.

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Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Religious studies
Social psychology

Background:

Pathogen stress is hypothesized to drive religious evolution via out-group avoidance.
Religious rituals and proselytizing behaviors present potential contradictions to this hypothesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the complex relationship between pathogen stress, religious traditions, and social interaction.
To evaluate the role of religious rituals and intergroup dynamics in the evolution of religious traditions.

Main Methods:

The study reviews existing literature on evolutionary psychology, anthropology, and sociology.
It analyzes theoretical models of cultural evolution and disease avoidance.

Main Results:

Many religious rituals may inadvertently increase infection susceptibility.
Religious expansion often relies on proselytizing, demanding out-group engagement.
Economic exchange within religious communities can foster pluralism and out-group interaction.

Conclusions:

The pathogen stress model offers a partial explanation but requires refinement.
Religious evolution is influenced by a complex interplay of pathogen avoidance, ritualistic practices, and social/economic factors necessitating out-group contact.