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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...

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Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain
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Modeling the Functional Network for Spatial Navigation in the Human Brain

Published on: October 13, 2023

Mapping the Alzheimer's brain with connectomics.

Teng Xie1, Yong He

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Psychiatry
|February 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Alzheimer's disease disrupts brain connectivity, altering network organization and leading to cognitive decline. These brain network abnormalities offer insights into disease mechanisms and potential biomarkers for diagnosis.

Keywords:
DTIEEG/MEGconnectomecortical thicknessfMRIgeneticsgraph theorysmall-world

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Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Mapping Alzheimer's Disease Variants to Their Target Genes Using Computational Analysis of Chromatin Configuration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging
  • Network Science

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing memory loss.
  • The underlying biological mechanisms of AD remain incompletely understood.
  • The human connectome, representing brain connectivity, is increasingly studied using neuroimaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in large-scale brain network studies of Alzheimer's disease.
  • To focus on graph theoretical analysis of brain connectivity abnormalities in AD.
  • To explore the potential of these findings for developing diagnostic and monitoring biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing non-invasive neuroimaging techniques like MRI and EEG/MEG.
  • Applying graph theory-based network analysis to study brain connectivity.
  • Examining topological organization in global and regional brain networks.

Main Results:

  • Studies reveal abnormal topological organization in both global and regional brain networks in AD patients.
  • Alzheimer's disease alters structural and functional associations between brain regions, not just isolated areas.
  • Disruptive network organization in AD involves loss of small-world properties and altered hub distributions, correlating with cognitive deficits.

Conclusions:

  • Empirical evidence supports the existence of an aberrant connectome in Alzheimer's disease.
  • Aberrant neuronal connectivity patterns in AD are linked to cognitive deficits and potentially genetic factors.
  • Understanding these brain network abnormalities provides novel insights into AD pathophysiology and aids in developing imaging biomarkers.