Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers01:19

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System II: CRP, Hcy, and Cardiac Natriuretic Peptide Markers

Cardiac biomarkers are critical in diagnosing, prognosing, and managing cardiovascular diseases. Routine measurement of specific biomarkers such as B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and homocysteine (Hcy) is common practice in clinical settings to evaluate heart function and predict cardiovascular events.
These markers indicate stress or strain on the heart muscle:
Natriuretic Peptides (BNP)
Cardiac myocytes produce these hormones in response to ventricular stretching...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Enrichment of SMARCA4 mutations in lung carcinomas presenting as cancer of unknown primary.

Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2026
Same author

The SALV-Dataset Registry: An Expertly Curated Digital Clinicopathological Dataset for Salivary Gland Tumor Research and AI-Assisted Diagnostic Tools.

Head and neck pathology·2026
Same author

Banff 2024 Pancreas Transplantation Report: Diagnosis and impact of chronic active T cell-mediated allograft rejection and re-evaluation of the indeterminate category with utilization of leukocyte immunostains in biopsies with ambiguous findings.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2026
Same author

Retroperitoneal fibrosis.

Lancet (London, England)·2026
Same author

The Banff 2024 Kidney Meeting Report: Rejection as a spectrum of phenotypes and focus on differential diagnostic reasoning.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons·2026
Same author

Characterizing the NIH Activity and Chronicity Indices in 2 Independent Lupus Nephritis Cohorts.

Kidney international reports·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation
10:33

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation

Published on: September 4, 2017

Pros and cons for C4d as a biomarker.

Danielle Cohen1, Robert B Colvin, Mohamed R Daha

  • 1Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. d.cohen@lumc.nl

Kidney International
|February 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Complement C4d deposition is a key marker for antibody-mediated rejection in organ transplants. Its utility is expanding to predict risks in autoimmune diseases and pregnancy, and guide complement inhibitor therapy.

More Related Videos

Differential Imaging of Biological Structures with Doubly-resonant Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)
12:56

Differential Imaging of Biological Structures with Doubly-resonant Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)

Published on: October 17, 2010

Preclinical Positron Emission Tomography with Body Conforming Animal Molds for Cloud-Based Automated Image Analysis in Mice
07:45

Preclinical Positron Emission Tomography with Body Conforming Animal Molds for Cloud-Based Automated Image Analysis in Mice

Published on: October 25, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation
10:33

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification (ADCI) and Dose Estimation

Published on: September 4, 2017

Differential Imaging of Biological Structures with Doubly-resonant Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)
12:56

Differential Imaging of Biological Structures with Doubly-resonant Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)

Published on: October 17, 2010

Preclinical Positron Emission Tomography with Body Conforming Animal Molds for Cloud-Based Automated Image Analysis in Mice
07:45

Preclinical Positron Emission Tomography with Body Conforming Animal Molds for Cloud-Based Automated Image Analysis in Mice

Published on: October 25, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Medicine
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • The deposition of complement C4d has become a crucial indicator of antibody-mediated rejection in solid organ transplantation since the late 1990s.
  • C4d visualizes the link between anti-donor antibodies and graft injury, reflecting classical complement activation.
  • Limitations exist, such as C4d presence in ABO-incompatible transplants, which may indicate graft accommodation rather than rejection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development, current applications, and future potential of C4d as a biomarker.
  • To focus on C4d's established role in solid organ transplantation.
  • To explore emerging roles of C4d in systemic autoimmune diseases and pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on C4d in transplantation, autoimmunity, and pregnancy.
  • Analysis of C4d's diagnostic and prognostic value in various clinical contexts.
  • Discussion of C4d's utility in conjunction with new complement-targeting therapies.

Main Results:

  • C4d is a well-established marker for antibody-mediated rejection in organ grafts.
  • C4d shows promise in identifying patients at risk for antibody-mediated damage in autoimmune conditions and during pregnancy.
  • C4d may help select patients who could benefit from complement inhibition therapies.

Conclusions:

  • C4d is a versatile biomarker with a significant impact on transplantation outcomes.
  • Further research into C4d's role in autoimmunity and pregnancy could lead to improved patient management.
  • The evolving understanding of C4d supports its use in personalized medicine, particularly with the advent of complement-blocking drugs.