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Related Concept Videos

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

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Generation of Naïve Blastoderm Explants from Zebrafish Embryos
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Embryogenesis: pattern formation from a single cell.

Arnaud Capron1, Steven Chatfield, Nicholas Provart

  • 1Dept. of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5 Canada.

The Arabidopsis Book
|February 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant embryos establish body axes and tissue layers early in development. Genetic studies in Arabidopsis reveal molecular mechanisms for pattern formation, crucial for plant breeding and biotechnology.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Plant science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Multicellular organisms develop from a single cell during embryogenesis.
  • Essential architectural features like body axes and tissue layers are established early in plant embryogenesis.
  • In Arabidopsis, the apical-basal axis and radial tissue pattern are evident in early, small embryos.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and elaboration of axial patterns in plant embryos.
  • To understand the genetic programs that organize cell patterns rapidly and reproducibly from minimal cell numbers.
  • To explore the potential for de novo generation of plant body patterns for agricultural applications.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic studies in Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • Analysis of early embryonic development and pattern formation.
  • Investigating molecular and genetic pathways controlling embryogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Early axial patterning provides a coordinate system for shoot and root initiation.
  • Genetic studies are identifying key molecular mechanisms for establishing and elaborating embryonic patterns.
  • Plant embryos demonstrate rapid and reproducible organization of functional cell patterns from few cells.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the molecular details of early embryogenesis is key to controlling plant development.
  • Knowledge gained can significantly advance plant breeding and biotechnology through de novo pattern generation.