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Human cortical excitability increases with time awake.

Reto Huber1, Hanna Mäki, Mario Rosanova

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|February 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prolonged wakefulness increases frontal cortex excitability in humans, as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG). This heightened cortical excitability returns to normal after sleep.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Science

Background:

  • Prolonged wakefulness causes noticeable changes in mood, performance, and clinical effects like seizures and hallucinations.
  • These effects suggest alterations in cortical circuit states during extended wakefulness.
  • Animal studies indicate increased cortical excitability with wakefulness, but human data is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in human cortical excitability during prolonged wakefulness.
  • To provide noninvasive electrophysiological evidence of cortical state changes related to wakefulness and sleep.

Main Methods:

  • Combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) in healthy individuals.
  • Monitored immediate (0-20 ms) EEG response to TMS as a measure of cortical excitability.
  • Continuously monitored vigilance to differentiate tonic changes from arousal fluctuations.

Main Results:

  • Cortical excitability of the frontal cortex progressively increased with time awake (morning to evening).
  • Excitability remained elevated after one night of total sleep deprivation.
  • Cortical excitability decreased after recovery sleep.
  • The observed modulation was tonic and not due to transient arousal changes.

Conclusions:

  • Wakefulness is associated with a steady, tonic increase in human frontal cortical excitability.
  • Sleep serves to rebalance this heightened cortical excitability.
  • These findings offer noninvasive electrophysiological evidence linking wakefulness duration to cortical circuit excitability.