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Related Concept Videos

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis
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Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis

Published on: November 12, 2015

Review: keratoconus in Asia.

Yee Onn Kok1, Grace Feng Ling Tan, Seng Chee Loon

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

Cornea
|February 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Keratoconus appears more prevalent and aggressive in certain Asian ethnicities, with risk factors including genetics and eye rubbing. Further multiethnic studies are needed to understand this corneal disorder and advance treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Genetics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Keratoconus pathogenesis remains heterogeneous and elusive.
  • Emerging diagnostic and therapeutic technologies offer new hope.
  • Overlooked data from Asian populations requires investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze existing literature on keratoconus in Asian populations.
  • To identify epidemiological and genetic risk factors specific to diverse ethnicities.
  • To assess current and emerging treatment modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of major databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Ovid, Google Scholar, Cornea, Cochrane).
  • Keywords included "keratoconus, Asia, epidemiology, treatment, risk factors, genes" and Asian country names.
  • Analysis of articles and their reference lists.

Main Results:

  • Keratoconus may be more prevalent, have earlier onset, and greater progression in certain Asian, Indian, Pakistani, Middle Eastern, and Polynesian ethnicities compared to white populations.
  • Identified risk factors: ethnicity, age (<30), male gender, family history, eye rubbing, atopy, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, Down syndrome, pellucid marginal corneal degeneration, VSX1 gene, and Leber congenital amaurosis.
  • Effective treatments like deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, intrastromal corneal ring segments, and corneal collagen cross-linking are advancing.

Conclusions:

  • Keratoconus exhibits significant ethnic variations in prevalence and progression.
  • Detailed genotype-phenotype characterization is crucial for differentiating keratoconus subsets.
  • Comprehensive multiethnic studies with large-scale data are essential for advancing understanding and treatment.