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Updated: May 25, 2026

Measuring Sub-23 Nanometer Real Driving Particle Number Emissions Using the Portable DownToTen Sampling System
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The London low emission zone baseline study.

Frank Kelly1, Ben Armstrong, Richard Atkinson

  • 1School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK. frank.kelly@kcl.ac.uk

Research Report (Health Effects Institute)
|February 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
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London established a large low emission zone (LEZ) to reduce air pollution from older diesel vehicles. This study established baseline air quality and health data to assess the LEZ's impact on public health.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • London implemented a large low emission zone (LEZ) in 2008, restricting older, more polluting diesel vehicles.
  • The LEZ presented an opportunity to study the effects of reduced vehicle emissions on air quality and health.
  • Robust baseline data on air quality and particulate matter (PM) characteristics were collected prior to the LEZ implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish baseline air quality data, including particulate matter oxidative potential and metal content, in Greater London.
  • To develop and assess methods for evaluating the LEZ's health effects using electronic primary-care records.
  • To predict air pollution concentrations and identify areas with expected greatest changes due to the LEZ.

Main Methods:

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  • Air pollution modeling was used to predict concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and PM10.
  • A comprehensive monitoring network was established to collect baseline data on various pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NOx, O3, etc.).
  • Electronic primary-care records from a pilot group of general practices were used to assess feasibility for health outcome evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Modeling identified seven key areas with expected significant reductions in NO2 and PM10 concentrations.
  • Baseline PM data revealed considerable oxidative potential, with higher levels at roadside sites associated with specific metals.
  • The pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of using primary-care data to assess health outcomes, with sufficient statistical power for detecting changes.

Conclusions:

  • The study established a strong foundation for evaluating the LEZ's impact on air quality and human health.
  • The comprehensive monitoring network and established primary-care data linkage provide tools for ongoing LEZ assessment.
  • The findings support the use of LEZs and associated data collection for improving urban air quality and public health.