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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

Published on: June 2, 2022

[Diagnostic approach to hypocalcaemia and hypercalcaemia].

Marcel J W Janssen¹, Robert Y van der Velde, Joost C J M Swaanenburg

¹VieCuri Medisch Centrum voor Noord-Limburg, Venlo/Venray, the Netherlands. marceljanssen@viecuri.nl

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde

|February 10, 2012

Summary

This study highlights calcium homeostasis through two patient cases. Laboratory tests are crucial for diagnosing hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia, guiding treatment for metabolic bone diseases.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

Published on: June 2, 2022

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Metabolic Bone Disease
Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

Calcium homeostasis is vital for numerous physiological processes.
Disruptions can lead to serious metabolic bone diseases.
Accurate diagnosis relies on comprehensive laboratory evaluation.

Observation:

A patient with a wrist fracture presented with hypercalcemia due to a parathyroid adenoma.
Another patient with abdominal issues and tetany had hypocalcemia, linked to vitamin D deficiency and celiac disease.

Findings:

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-mediated hypercalcemia can result from parathyroid adenoma.
Severe vitamin D deficiency can cause hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism, potentially indicating celiac disease.
Key laboratory markers include serum calcium, phosphate, intact PTH, 25-OH vitamin D, magnesium, and urinary calcium.

Implications:

Understanding calcium metabolism is essential for diagnosing bone disorders.
Integrated laboratory testing aids in identifying the root cause of calcium imbalances.
Early diagnosis and targeted treatment improve patient outcomes for metabolic bone diseases.