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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis
11:08

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Published on: June 3, 2016

Glomerular latency coding in artificial olfaction.

Jaber Al Yamani1, Farid Boussaid, Amine Bermak

  • 1The University of Western Australia Crawley, WA, Australia.

Frontiers in Neuroengineering
|February 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a bio-inspired glomerular latency coding scheme for gas sensor data, mimicking the olfactory system. This approach achieves concentration-invariant gas recognition using spatio-temporal patterns for efficient single-chip integration.

Keywords:
chemical sensingelectronic nosegas sensorsglomerular convergencelatency codingneuromorphic engineeringolfaction

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Area of Science:

  • Biomimetic engineering
  • Sensory neuroscience
  • Chemical sensing

Background:

  • Sensory perception involves neural transformations, notably in olfaction where odor representations change from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) to second-order neurons.
  • Glomerular convergence and activation onset latency are key features in olfactory processing for encoding odor information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a bio-inspired glomerular latency coding scheme for processing gas sensor data.
  • To evaluate this scheme using a tin oxide (SnO2) sensor array and assess its gas recognition capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a glomerular latency coding scheme inspired by the olfactory pathway's structure and function.
  • Utilized an in-house SnO2 sensor array, employing metal catalysts analogous to ORN receptor proteins and ion implantation for sensor heterogeneity and sensitivity.
  • Mapped sensor array responses into glomerular latency patterns and compared them against a library of spatio-temporal spike fingerprints for gas recognition.

Main Results:

  • Achieved glomerular convergence by relating sensor catalysts to ORN receptors.
  • Demonstrated concentration-invariant rank order in glomerular latency patterns.
  • Successfully performed gas recognition by matching sensor data to pre-defined spatio-temporal spike fingerprints.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed glomerular latency coding scheme effectively processes gas sensor data, drawing parallels with olfactory processing.
  • This bio-inspired approach enables robust, concentration-invariant gas recognition.
  • The simplicity of the method facilitates the integration of sensing and processing onto a single chip.