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Related Concept Videos

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Synthetic Biology02:55

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
Golden rice
Golden rice is a genetically modified...
Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...
siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the ATP-dependent...
Sympathetic Signaling01:31

Sympathetic Signaling

Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) onto the ganglionic neurons in the...
What is Cell Signaling?02:03

What is Cell Signaling?

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse
09:37

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse

Published on: December 26, 2019

Synthetic immune signaling.

Wolfgang W A Schamel1, Michael Reth

  • 1Center for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany. schamel@immunbio.mpg.de

Current Opinion in Biotechnology
|February 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Synthetic biology offers new ways to study immune cell signaling. These methods, including engineered signaling systems and molecules, provide deeper insights into immune responses and have potential in cancer gene therapy.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Immune responses involve complex cell activation pathways.
  • Classical methods struggle to fully elucidate these intricate signaling processes.
  • Understanding immune cell signaling is crucial for developing new therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how synthetic biology approaches can enhance the study of immune cell signaling.
  • To explore the application of synthetic biology in understanding receptor-transducer interactions.
  • To highlight the clinical potential of synthetic immune receptors in cancer gene therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Rebuilding minimal functional signaling systems.
  • Designing novel molecules as signaling switches.
  • Utilizing synthetic biology tools to probe immune cell activation.

Main Results:

  • Synthetic biology provides detailed insights into receptor-signal transduction.
  • Engineered signaling systems allow for precise manipulation and observation.
  • Synthetic immune receptors show promise in preclinical and clinical settings.

Conclusions:

  • Synthetic biology offers powerful tools to dissect complex immune signaling.
  • These advanced methods deepen our understanding of immune cell activation mechanisms.
  • Synthetic biology is paving the way for innovative immunotherapies, particularly for cancer.