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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

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Tinnitus.

Julian Savage¹, Angus Waddell

¹Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|February 15, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluated treatments for chronic tinnitus, a condition affecting many. It found evidence on the effectiveness and safety of various interventions, including therapies and medications, to manage tinnitus symptoms.

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Evidence-based Medicine
Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

Chronic tinnitus affects up to 18% of people in industrialized nations, with 0.5% experiencing severe daily life impacts.
Tinnitus is linked to hearing loss, drug toxicity, ear diseases, depression, and can impair sleep and concentration.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of treatments for chronic tinnitus.
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various tinnitus interventions.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of 29 studies including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to July 2011.
Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

A GRADE evaluation was performed on the quality of evidence for interventions.
Information was compiled on the effectiveness and safety of numerous treatments.

Conclusions:

The review presents data on acamprosate, acupuncture, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, cinnarizine, electromagnetic stimulation, ginkgo biloba, hearing aids, hypnosis, psychotherapy, tinnitus-masking devices, and tinnitus retraining therapy.
Effectiveness and safety profiles of these interventions are detailed.