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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
What is Climate?01:16

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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Isothermal Processes01:21

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
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Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

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Updated: May 24, 2026

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

Global climate evolution during the last deglaciation.

Peter U Clark1, Jeremy D Shakun, Paul A Baker

  • 1College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. clarkp@onid.orst.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global climate changes from 19,000 to 11,000 years ago reveal two main drivers of deglaciation. These include greenhouse gas fluctuations and changes in Atlantic Ocean circulation patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Climate Science
  • Earth System Science

Background:

  • The last deglaciation (19,000 to 11,000 years ago) was a period of significant global warming and climate system reorganization.
  • This interval witnessed substantial ice sheet decay, global sea level rise, ecosystem shifts, and alterations in the carbon cycle and ocean circulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize high-resolution paleoclimate records to understand Earth's transient climate response to forcings during the last deglaciation.
  • To identify the primary modes of climate variability during this critical period.

Main Methods:

  • Development of well-dated, high-resolution paleoclimate records from the deep ocean, intermediate ocean, and surface climate.
  • Synthesis and analysis of these records to identify dominant climate variability patterns.

Main Results:

  • Climate variability during the last deglaciation can be largely explained by the superposition of two distinct modes.
  • The first mode strongly correlates with variations in atmospheric greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4).
  • The second mode is closely associated with changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.

Conclusions:

  • Greenhouse gas concentrations and Atlantic Ocean circulation were the dominant factors influencing regional and global climate during the last deglaciation.
  • Understanding these modes provides insight into the complex dynamics of Earth's climate system during periods of rapid change.