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Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell,...
Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
Hemodialysis III: Nursing Management01:25

Hemodialysis III: Nursing Management

The nursing management of a patient undergoing hemodialysis includes several critical steps, starting with a thorough assessment before the procedure.Before the Hemodialysis ProcedureFirst, record the patient's vital signs—blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature—to establish a baseline. This baseline is essential for detecting conditions such as hypotension that could impact the patient's response to dialysis. Document the patient's pre-dialysis weight, as this measurement...
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
Formation of Concentrated Urine01:23

Formation of Concentrated Urine

There is a gradient of solutes in the interstitial fluid from the renal cortex through the medulla, known as the medullary osmotic gradient. The juxtamedullary nephrons establish and maintain this gradient using countercurrent mechanisms with loops extending deep into the medulla. These nephrons also use countercurrent mechanisms to regulate urine volume and concentration. The interaction between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop creates an osmotic gradient through...
Disorder of Water Balance01:29

Disorder of Water Balance

Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice
07:15

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Published on: April 8, 2013

Hypertonic saline: a change of practice.

Elizabeth Williams1, Nichola von Fintel

  • 1Queens Medical Centre, Adult Intensive Care Nottingham, UK.

Nursing in Critical Care
|February 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Implementing hypertonic saline for raised intracranial pressure requires careful staff education and patient safety protocols. This review outlines a change process using Lewin

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Area of Science:

  • Critical care medicine
  • Nursing practice development
  • Neuroscience nursing

Background:

  • Describes the implementation of hypertonic saline for managing raised intracranial pressure in a critical care setting.
  • Highlights the importance of staff education and patient safety during practice changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the process of implementing practice change using Lewin's three-step change model.
  • To identify and address potential pitfalls in practice change implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of worldwide, English-language studies from the last 26 years.
  • Inclusion of primary and empirical sources; exclusion of non-academic articles.
  • Application of Lewin's change model to analyze the implementation process.

Main Results:

  • Identifies driving and restraining forces influencing practice change.
  • Highlights potential problems and suggests strategies for overcoming them.
  • Emphasizes the critical role of evaluation in successful practice change.

Conclusions:

  • Critical care and neurosurgical nurses must understand hypertonic saline's side effects and administration for patient safety.
  • The described change process, focusing on hypertonic saline, is adaptable to other clinical nursing practice changes.
  • Successful implementation hinges on thorough staff education, safety measures, and ongoing evaluation.