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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
09:39

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Published on: August 21, 2014

Modular regulatory principles of large non-coding RNAs.

Mitchell Guttman1, John L Rinn

  • 1Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. mguttman@mit.edu

Nature
|February 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Large non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have diverse regulatory functions beyond protein production. These large ncRNAs may achieve specificity by modularly assembling protein, RNA, and DNA interactions for complex gene regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • RNA molecules perform diverse functions beyond messenger roles.
  • Mammalian genomes are extensively transcribed, producing numerous non-coding RNA transcripts.
  • The functionality of many large non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize recent studies on the functional diversity of large ncRNAs.
  • To propose an emerging model for how large ncRNAs achieve regulatory specificity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis of recent studies on large ncRNAs.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms for regulatory specificity.

Main Results:

  • Large ncRNAs exhibit significant functional diversity.
  • A model is emerging where large ncRNAs use modularity to achieve specificity.
  • This modularity involves assembling combinations of protein, RNA, and DNA interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Large non-coding RNAs are key regulators with diverse mechanisms.
  • Modularity is a central principle for large ncRNA-mediated gene regulation.
  • Future research should focus on the combinatorial interactions of large ncRNAs.