Ultrafast laser inscription of Bragg-grating waveguides using the multiscan technique

We report the fabrication of high-strength (>30 dB) first order Bragg-grating waveguides in borosilicate glass substrates using ultrafast laser inscription. The cross section of each waveguide was controlled using the well known multiscan fabrication technique, where the desired waveguide cross section is constructed by scanning the sample through the laser focus multiple times. In order to fabricate high-strength gratings, it was therefore necessary to precisely control and spatially synchronize the refractive index modulations imprinted in the material by each scan. The Bragg-grating waveguides were inscribed using a femtosecond fiber laser that was externally modulated using an acousto-optic modulator. The required precision in the laser modulation was thus achieved by triggering the acousto-optic modulator using a position sensitive trigger signal supplied by the substrate translation stages themselves.