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Related Concept Videos

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats
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[Morphine addiction in non-human primates using rhesus monkeys].

Xu-Jun Wu1, Wei Zong, Yong-Mei Sun

  • 1Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.

Dong Wu Xue Yan Jiu = Zoological Research
|February 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Rhesus monkeys can develop morphine dependence, establishing a conditioned place preference (CPP) that persists for over three years. This finding supports a new animal model for studying human addiction.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Primate research

Context:

  • Opioid dependence is a significant public health issue.
  • Animal models are crucial for understanding addiction mechanisms.
  • Establishing reliable models for long-term dependence is challenging.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the development and duration of morphine dependence in rhesus monkeys.
  • To establish a conditioned place preference (CPP) model for morphine addiction.
  • To evaluate the long-term stability of this addiction model.

Summary:

  • Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) demonstrated the capacity to develop morphine dependence.
  • A significant conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by morphine was successfully established.
  • This morphine-induced CPP was maintained for an extended period of (36.3 ± 1.3) months.

Impact:

  • This study introduces a robust animal model for researching opioid addiction.
  • The long-lasting nature of the dependence in this model offers new avenues for therapeutic research.
  • Findings contribute to a better understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of addiction.