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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain

Published on: October 25, 2016

CD161 DEFINES EFFECTOR T CELLS THAT EXPRESS LIGHT AND RESPOND TO TL1A-DR3 SIGNALING.

O Cohavy¹, D Q Shih, T M Doherty

¹Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.

European Journal of Microbiology & Immunology

|February 21, 2012

Summary

Human CD161+ T cells, expressing NK cell markers, exhibit pro-inflammatory functions. These cells interact with monocytes, suggesting a role in mucosal inflammation and gut-associated signaling.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain

Generating De Novo Antigen-specific Human T Cell Receptors by Retroviral Transduction of Centric Hemichain

Published on: October 25, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Natural killer (NK) cell markers identify pro-inflammatory T cell subsets in immune compartments.
CD161 is expressed on T helper 17 (Th17) cells, crucial for mucosal inflammation regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize human peripheral blood CD161+ T cells.
To investigate their effector functions and resemblance to gut T cell phenotypes.

Main Methods:

Flow cytometry to identify CD161+ T cells and their markers.
Co-culture assays with monocytes to assess cellular interactions and cytokine production.
Stimulation assays using DR3 crosslinking and cytokines (IL12, IL18).

Main Results:

CD161+ CD4+ T cells express LIGHT and respond to TL1A via DR3 signaling.
DR3 signaling induces Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production, enhanced by IL12 and IL18.
CD161+ T cells activate monocytes, upregulating CD40 and downregulating CD14.
Reciprocal activation observed, with CD161+ T cells producing IL2 and IFN-γ upon monocyte interaction.
A subset of CD161+ T cells co-express CD56, another NK marker.

Conclusions:

Human CD161+ T cells possess effector functions resembling gut T cells.
These cells are implicated in gut-associated signaling pathways.
Monocyte-mediated effector functions contribute to mucosal inflammation via CD161+ T cells.