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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation, polyethylene glycol...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Human T-cell clones.

G Pawelec1

  • 1Tuebingen Ageing and Tumour Immunology Group, Section for Transplantation Immunology and Immunohaematology, Department of Haematology, Oncology and Immunology, Tuebingen University Medical School, Tuebingen, Federal Republic of Germany.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|February 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human T-cell clones (TCCs) initially appeared to defy the Hayflick Limit, but this may be due to abnormalities. Further research is needed to confirm if these immortal TCCs are truly exceptions or genetically altered.

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HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
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HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
07:18

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • T-cell clone (TCC) generation techniques emerged two decades ago, following the discovery of T-cell growth factor.
  • Early immunology studies suggested TCCs had unlimited growth potential, challenging the Hayflick Limit for normal somatic cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the apparent paradox of immortal TCCs and their implications for replicative senescence.
  • To determine if TCCs exhibiting indefinite growth possess stem cell properties or are genetically abnormal.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on T-cell clone generation and growth potential.
  • Analysis of proposed explanations for TCC immortality, including genetic abnormalities.

Main Results:

  • While some TCCs appeared immortal, potentially challenging the universal relevance of replicative senescence, this immortality might stem from abnormalities.
  • Karyotypic analyses of tested TCCs, both human and murine, often revealed genetic aberrations.

Conclusions:

  • The apparent immortality of TCCs may be attributed to genetic abnormalities rather than an exception to the Hayflick Limit.
  • Further investigation into the genetic stability of human TCCs is warranted to understand their long-term growth potential.