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Updated: May 24, 2026

Quantifying Microorganisms at Low Concentrations Using Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM)
Published on: November 1, 2017
[Comparison of the quick Gram stain method to the B&M modified and favor methods]
Kayo Osawa1, Nobumasa Kataoka, Toshio Maruo
1Department of International Health, Kobe University, Japan. osawak@kobe-u.ac.jp
Abstract:
The Gram stain is an established method for bacterial identification, but the time needed to carry out this stain is 2-3 min. We attempted to shorten this time and stained a total of 70 clinical specimens isolated from using the Bartholomew & Mittwer (B&M) modified or Favor methods with a 3 s duration for washing and staining steps. Results were plotted and analyzed using a Hue Saturation Intensity (HSI) model. The range based on a plot of the two methods with the HSI model was presented as a reference interval. Our results indicated that 100% (35/35) of strains were Gram positive and 97.1% (34/35) were Gram negative for the quick B&M modified method. In the quick Favor method, 80.0% (28/35) were Gram positive and 68.6% (24/35) of strains were Gram negative. We propose that the quick B&M modified method is equivalent to the standard Gram staining method and is superior to the quick Favor method.
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