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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...

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Updated: May 24, 2026

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
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3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: February 18, 2022

Controlling on-surface polymerization by hierarchical and substrate-directed growth.

L Lafferentz1, V Eberhardt, C Dri

  • 1Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany.

Nature Chemistry
|February 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new hierarchical strategy for building complex molecular nanostructures. This method allows for selective, step-by-step covalent connections, enabling the creation of advanced materials and molecular devices.

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Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates
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Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: February 18, 2022

Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers
10:09

Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers

Published on: June 30, 2018

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates
07:32

Reactive Vapor Deposition of Conjugated Polymer Films on Arbitrary Substrates

Published on: January 17, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Molecular Engineering

Background:

  • Bottom-up construction of covalently bound molecular architectures is crucial for nanotechnology.
  • Current methods are limited to simple structures due to one-step connection processes.
  • Sophisticated molecular architectures require step-by-step molecule assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel strategy for hierarchical covalent connection of molecules.
  • To enable the creation of complex, well-defined molecular nanostructures.
  • To improve network quality and fabricate heterogeneous architectures.

Main Methods:

  • Selective and sequential activation of specific molecular sites.
  • Programming molecular reactivity for controlled assembly.
  • Utilizing substrate-directed growth on anisotropic surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Achieved improved network quality in molecular architectures.
  • Fabricated heterogeneous molecular architectures with high selectivity.
  • Demonstrated substrate-directed growth and preferred orientation of nanostructures.

Conclusions:

  • The developed strategy offers precise control over covalent bond formation.
  • This approach facilitates the creation of sophisticated multi-component molecular nanostructures.
  • Enables advancements in molecular machines, novel materials, and molecular electronics.