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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...

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Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia
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Published on: September 18, 2013

Pediatric oncology in Turkey.

Rejin Kebudi1,

  • 1Turkish Pediatric Oncology Group Society, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty & Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey. rejinkebudi@yahoo.com

Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
|February 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Childhood cancer survival in Turkey has improved, with leukemia and lymphoma being the most common pediatric cancers. Despite progress, improvements in palliative care education and infrastructure are needed.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Cancer Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Childhood cancer survival rates have significantly increased due to advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and supportive care.
  • Turkey has a young population, with approximately 2500-3000 new childhood cancer cases expected annually, and cancer is the fourth leading cause of mortality in children.
  • Pediatric oncology in Turkey has a history dating back to the 1970s, with the subspecialty established in 1983.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the current landscape of childhood cancer in Turkey.
  • To highlight the common types of pediatric malignancies and survival rates.
  • To identify areas for improvement in pediatric cancer care, particularly in palliative care.

Main Methods:

  • Data compilation from the Turkish Pediatric Oncology Group and Turkish Pediatric Hematology Societies Registry.
  • Analysis of childhood cancer incidence, mortality, and common cancer types in Turkey.
  • Review of the historical development and current status of pediatric oncology in Turkey.

Main Results:

  • Leukemia (31%) and lymphoma (19%) are the most prevalent childhood cancers in Turkey, differing from Western countries where CNS neoplasms are more common.
  • The seven-year survival rate for children with malignancies in Turkey is 65.8%.
  • Government covers all costs for diagnosis and treatment, but palliative care education and infrastructure require enhancement.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in pediatric cancer care in Turkey, reflected in improved survival rates.
  • While common cancer types and survival statistics are established, further development in palliative care is crucial.
  • Continued dedication of well-trained pediatric oncologists and government support are vital for ongoing improvements in childhood cancer outcomes.