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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

Exploring the factor structure of implicit and explicit cognitions associated with depression.

Wendy J Phillips1, Donald W Hine

  • 1University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. wphilli4@une.edu.au

Assessment
|February 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study examined cognitive biases in depression, finding that the underlying structure of implicit and explicit processes did not support the dual-process model. Results suggest a three-factor solution, challenging current theories of cognitive vulnerability to depression.

Keywords:
cognitive biasdepressiondual processexplicitimplicit

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Clinical psychology
  • Psychopathology

Background:

  • Dual-process models suggest implicit and explicit cognitive processes contribute to depression.
  • Understanding these cognitive biases is crucial for identifying vulnerability to depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying structure of implicit and explicit cognitive biases related to depression.
  • To test the validity of the dual-process model in explaining cognitive vulnerability.

Main Methods:

  • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used.
  • Implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem, dysfunctional beliefs, and memory were analyzed in an undergraduate sample (N = 355).

Main Results:

  • A three-factor solution emerged, which was inconsistent with the hypothesized dual-process (two-factor) model.
  • Confirmatory factor analyses also failed to support the dual-process model, reinforcing the three-factor solution.

Conclusions:

  • The latent structure of the investigated cognitive biases does not clearly differentiate between implicit and explicit cognition.
  • Alternative models and measurement strategies are needed to understand cognitive vulnerability to depression.