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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears
04:27

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

Published on: May 9, 2025

Subscapularis release in shoulder replacement determines structural muscular changes.

Lieven Franciscus De Wilde1, Tineke De Coninck, Francis De Neve

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|February 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The C-block osteotomy technique in shoulder arthroplasty shows a low incidence of subscapularis muscle fatty degeneration. However, this surgical approach does lead to a decrease in the subscapularis muscle

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears
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The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair
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The Modified Single-working Portal Technique Using Lasso-loop Stitch with Needle for Arthroscopic Subscapularis Repair

Published on: August 8, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Shoulder Arthroplasty
  • Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

  • Osteotomy of the lesser tuberosity in shoulder arthroplasty aids tendon healing but may not prevent muscle fatty degeneration.
  • The occurrence of fatty degeneration can be influenced by the surgical technique employed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess subscapularis muscle fatty degeneration and cross-sectional area after C-block osteotomy with minimal subscapularis mobilization.
  • To determine any adverse effects of this technique on subscapularis muscle function, fatty degeneration, and size.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 36 shoulder replacement patients who underwent C-block osteotomies.
  • Evaluation of Constant-Murley scores, subscapularis insufficiency signs, and radiographic prosthetic placement.
  • CT scans analyzed for lesser tuberosity healing, fatty degeneration, and subscapularis muscle cross-sectional area.

Main Results:

  • Mean Constant-Murley score was 71.2; two patients experienced subscapularis weakness.
  • Anatomical healing of all tuberosities and normal glenohumeral relationships were observed.
  • Subscapularis muscle cross-sectional area decreased by 13% (16.7 cm² to 14.5 cm²), with fatty degeneration present in 56% of patients (Grade 1-3).

Conclusions:

  • C-block osteotomy with minimal subscapularis dissection is linked to a low incidence of fatty degeneration post-shoulder arthroplasty.
  • Despite a low incidence of fatty degeneration, a decrease in subscapularis muscle cross-sectional area was noted.