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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Mnemonic Devices01:23

Mnemonic Devices

Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
Acronyms
Acronyms are created by using the initial letters of a series of words to form a new word or phrase. This approach condenses complex information into a single, memorable entity. For example,...
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

Reward-related learning via multiple memory systems.

Mauricio R Delgado1, Kathryn C Dickerson

  • 1Department of Psychology and Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA. delgado@psychology.rutgers.edu

Biological Psychiatry
|February 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuroeconomics reveals how the corticostriatal circuit drives reward learning. This review explores the hippocampus

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroeconomics
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Neuroeconomic research often focuses on corticostriatal circuitry for reward learning.
  • Less attention has been given to other neural mechanisms like the hippocampus.
  • Human decision-making involves various learning strategies beyond trial-and-error.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of multiple learning and memory systems in human decision-making.
  • To examine the interactions between these systems in healthy and neuropsychiatric individuals.
  • To highlight the potential of model-based neuroeconomic approaches in understanding deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neuroeconomics, learning, and memory systems.
  • Analysis of anatomical and functional connectivity between neural structures.
  • Examination of model-based neuroeconomic approaches.

Main Results:

  • The corticostriatal circuitry is crucial for trial-and-error reward learning.
  • The hippocampus and its interaction with the corticostriatal system are vital for decision-making.
  • Understanding these interactions offers insights into neuropsychiatric conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating the hippocampus into neuroeconomic models can enhance understanding of decision-making.
  • Model-based neuroeconomics may reveal novel insights into learning and memory deficits in neuropsychiatric populations.
  • Further research into neural system interactions is crucial for clinical applications.