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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
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Tissue Transplantation

Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Updated: May 24, 2026

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
08:07

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Published on: September 6, 2017

From HLA association to function.

Jeffrey C Barrett1

  • 1Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK. barrett@sanger.ac.uk

Nature Genetics
|February 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study pinpoints five key amino acid positions in HLA genes within the MHC region linked to rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility. The findings highlight a powerful statistical approach for identifying functional genetic variants.

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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Rheumatology
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility is strongly associated with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex.
  • Fine-mapping causal variants within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region remains challenging due to high linkage disequilibrium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To refine association signals for rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility within the MHC region.
  • To identify specific amino acid positions and HLA genes contributing to RA risk.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced statistical methods adapted from genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
  • Employed imputation from a large reference panel to enhance fine-mapping resolution.
  • Focused analysis on amino acid polymorphisms within HLA genes located in peptide-binding grooves.

Main Results:

  • Successfully refined association signals to five specific amino acid positions encoded by three HLA genes.
  • All identified positions are located within the peptide-binding grooves of HLA molecules.
  • Demonstrated the efficacy of the adapted statistical approach for functional variant identification.

Conclusions:

  • The study precisely identifies critical amino acid positions in HLA genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
  • This refined understanding of MHC associations can inform future research into RA pathogenesis.
  • The employed statistical methodology shows promise for dissecting complex genetic associations in other diseases.