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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

Age invariance in feeling of knowing during implicit interference effects.

Deborah K Eakin¹, Christopher Hertzog

¹Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6161, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA. akin@psychology.msstate.edu

The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences

|February 28, 2012

Summary

Older adults maintain accurate feeling of knowing (FOK) predictions, even when memory recall declines. FOK accuracy in both age groups reflected implicit interference effects in recall, not recognition.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive psychology
Gerontology
Metamemory research

Background:

Prior research indicated age invariance in delayed judgments of learning accuracy.
Discrepancies exist regarding the impact of aging on feeling of knowing (FOK) accuracy.
Implicit interference affects memory recall and recognition differently, potentially impacting older adults' FOK predictions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether aging affects the accuracy of feeling of knowing (FOK) predictions under implicit interference.
To examine if older adults can accurately predict recognition performance despite memory recall challenges influenced by implicit interference.

Main Methods:

Younger and older adults studied cue-target pairs with varying cue set sizes.
Participants completed a cued recall test, made FOK predictions for subsequent recognition, and then took a recognition test.

Main Results:

Neither younger nor older adults accurately predicted recognition of unrecalled items.
FOKs were more strongly correlated with recall than recognition across both age groups.
While recall and recognition varied with age, FOK accuracy showed no significant age differences.

Conclusions:

Feeling of knowing (FOK) accuracy remains intact with age, even when overall memory performance declines.
FOK predictions in both younger and older adults mirrored implicit interference effects observed in recall, not recognition.